(you can choose the paper topic) Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

(you can choose the topic) - Research Paper Example There are several motivations he cites for the call for nonviolent action. To begin with, he cites ways in which can injustice can be discovered and according to him, there was racial injustice against the minority. Further, he notes the prevalence of two types of laws, the just and the unjust. He says that the unjust law leads to unfair treatment of the minority people and goes ahead to state that, such a law is not law at all and therefore, it should be abolished by all means. King goes ahead to express his disappointment in all the people who witness the injustice happening in their midst and chose to remain silent about it. Most of his disappointment is directed to his fellow religious colleagues who he feels have done very little to fight the racial injustices. It is then that he calls for them to help restore equality by telling that they cannot sit idly as Christians and allows their brethren to suffer. His call for action and why it is very important for everyone to unite and fight alongside him has been retaliated all throughout the letter and especially at the end. King’s letter has effectively used major appealing techniques to show the evil of racial injustice and call for action to fight for equality. This paper seeks to show the relevance and credibility of King’ letter in his quest for equality. King’s letter is very appealing especially since his conclusion for the fight of racial injustices involves the call for nonviolent action. He notes that non-violent action is the future for the civil rights movement as it does not aggravate the situation. While the term ‘nonviolent’ action seems to be ambiguous, he goes ahead to explain what exactly he means by nonviolent action and what actions constitute nonviolent action. He provides a list of the nonviolent actions which are intended to provide insights into the questions he poses, â€Å"Why direct action, why sit-ins, marches and so forth?† (King, 1963, p. 214). It is

Kaleidoscope Strategy Resume Essay Example for Free

Kaleidoscope Strategy Resume Essay Pursuing success can feel like shooting in a landscape of moving targets: Every time you hit one, five more pop up from another direction. We are under constant pressure to do more, get more, be more. But is that really what success is all about? Laura Nash and Howard Stevenson interviewed and surveyed hundreds of professionals to study the assumptions behind the idea of success. They then built a practical framework for a new way of thinking about success—a way that leads to personal and professional fulfillment instead of feelings of anxiety and stress. The authors’ research uncovered four irreducible components of success: 1.- happiness: (feelings of pleasure or contentment about your life); 2.- achievement (accomplishments that compare favorably against similar goals others have strived for); 3.- significance (the sense that you’ve made a positive impact on people you care about); and 4.- legacy (a way to establish your values or accomplishments so as to help others find future success). Unless you hit on all four categories with regularity, any one win will fail to satisfy. People who achieve lasting success, the authors learned, tend to rely on a kaleidoscope strategy to structure their aspirations and activities. This article explains how to build your own kaleidoscope framework. The process can help you determine which tasks you should undertake to fulfill the different components of success and uncover areas where there are holes. It can also help you make better choices about what you spend your time on and the level of energy you put into each activity. According to Nash and Stevenson, successful people who experience real satisfaction achieve it through the deliberate imposition of limits. Cultivating your sense of â€Å"just enough† can help you set reachable goals, tally up more true wins, and enjoy lasting.

Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the previous class, we learned the changes of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution had changed literally everything. Lives changed, roles changed, education changed, homes changed, health changed, romance changed; everything had changed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements of the home changed in quite a few ways. The home was always filled with the people that lived there because they spend their time at home. The home was made of things that you could find locally or that you could make by hand. Houses were made out of mud, wood, and straw. The family had basically slept in the same bed for less consumption of space and for warmth. Not only did they live with the entire family, however they lived with fleas, rats, and lice. This allowed diseases to be spread and in effect, the population was very little because of the severity of the diseases. After the Revolution, the home is filled with less people because the people transport to other places. The home is filled with things that you can find all over the world. Houses are made out of steel frames, wood, glass windows, and very sturdy materials in addition to the idea that specialized workers made your home. The refrigerator and toilet were invented and people slept i n different beds causing an increase in the population due to the decrease in disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements of man and woman had changed as well. Man and woman married each other for survival. Man and woman needed each other for children and for each other’s work labor. Therefore, sex was a necessity for survival. Children were only acquired after marriage, if the child was born any other time, the couple was shunned by the community. Marriages were arranged by the parents and the husband between a money agreement. Once the couple married, no one left the farm but mainly lived their lives on the farm. Women married at the age of 14-16 and men in their mid 20s and 30s. This is because the women had a better chance of survival through childbirth at the age of 14, 15, and 16. After the Industrial Revolution, sex is pleasurable and couples do it for pleasure and not for survival. Sex is done before marriage in some cases and also advertised in movies. Couples marry as a result of love and attraction for one another. There is no longer a need for each oth er as a means of survival.

Achievements of science Essay

The history of human civilization is a record of the achievements of science, amongst other things. We have been observing great scientific achievements since the dawn of the 20th century. But the invention which has brought about a revolutionary change in the world is computer. The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the centuries prior. The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines, formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive worldwide industry. The man behind the thought of this great invention was a British professor of mathematics named Charles Babez. In 1830, he designed a machine named â€Å"Analytical Engine† which had common sides with the present structure of computer. Then step by step, computer got its current shape through various procedure and research. In terms of working criteria, there are three kinds of computers. These are analog, digital and hybrid. The analog computer works by chronologically counting of shifting figures and the digital computer works by using mathematical methods and counting electric waves. The hybrid computer is a combination of the above two; it works by using both characteristics of analog and the digital. According to the size, space and working capacity, there are four variations of digital computer: super computer, mainframe computer, mini-frame computer and micro computer. The total figure of computer is divided into three main units: input unit, central processing unit (CPU), output unit. The input unit receives the data and delivers to memory, memory stores it for the time being and the arithmetic logic unit defines it and directs to process it with necessary programs and delivers the result to output unit to present and memory stores the result permanently if needed. The whole procedure is executed by the control unit. The arithmetic logic unit, control unit and memory constitute the CPU. The fields of application of computer are uncountable. From space research to personal amusement, each and every fact of human race is being influenced by this machine. Governmental issues, commercial vocations, scientific analysis, educational tasks and various works are being operated and controlled automatically by its graft. Now, scientists are trying to invent artificial intelligence and if that’ll possible, computer will be substitute of human. There is no argument that computer has done incalculable benefits to man. But as it’s a  machine, it can also be operated against mankind. So, it depends on us to use it in a proper way and get the best output from it and have a life of comfort, easy and peace.

Hockey Sticks

The hockey stick, the most basic piece of equipment, is also the most confounding. While other pieces of gear either fit or don’t fit, the stick defies such a simple categorization. It’s more like buying a pizza. Size is the easy part—options are where things get tricky. Stick technology has come along way from the days when players found a nice piece of hickory and started whittling. Sticks today come in a number of materials that in themselves can be overwhelming. These range from wooden shafts with ABS plastic blades, to traditional wood and fiberglass, to full Kevlar and Carbon Fiber. Prices can vary by a factor of ten, with a very simple stick costing around $20 and top end exotics surpassing the $200 mark. Today’s stick market has as much variety as the grocery store’s breakfast isle. The three main kinds of sticks are: Wooden Sticks, Two-piece sticks and blades, One-piece composite sticks The Wooden Stick The wooden stick has been around since the inception of hockey. Despite the many improvements in this most basic piece of hockey gear, there are still a few NHL pros using wood sticks. Still the numbers are dwindling from about half the league using wood several years ago, to just a handful now. Another reason some players still prefer wood might be feel. One thing that technology hasn’t improved is the feel. If you cannot catch a pass, or stickhandle through the defense, there isn’t much point in being able to shoot an extra ten miles per hour. Many Pros are now using a composite shaft with a wood blade as a compromise between the best of both worlds. Beyond the obvious issue of having the plainest stick in the locker room, the negative of a wood stick is simple durability. Even if you are like me and don’t break many sticks, wood will wear out. Shooting the puck hard requires flexing the shaft and getting a good pop, almost like a bow releasing an arrow. The fibers in wooden sticks break down fairly quickly and the spring that you need in releasing a shot gets weaker. Wooden sticks are the smartest choice for beginning players. The cost of a composite stick balanced against the minimal gain a beginner might get doesn’t make sense. Until beginners learn to shoot, poke check and stick handle and stand up on skates adequately; there isn’t much point in spending big bucks on a composite stick. Trust me; no one looks any less silly falling down with a $200 stick than they do with a $20 stick. Two-piece Shafts and Blades Two-piece sticks have been around for a while. The blade and shaft, sold separately, are hot-glued together with a heat gun. Originally making its debut in the medium of aluminum, the two-piece shaft is now available in such exotic materials as Carbon Fiber, Graphite and Kevlar. Some lower priced shafts are pure fiberglass making them heavier and more prone to breakage. Aluminum shafts lasted almost forever and are still a favorite of many players who own one, but they are almost impossible to find. The advantages in a two-piece stick are lighter weight, more consistent performance and longevity. The type of a blade selected can change the weight somewhat, but it will generally weigh less than a wooden stick. This translates into slightly quicker stick handling for the player. One downside to buying a two-piece is the cost. Even an inexpensive shaft and blade will cost twice what a wooden stick goes for. Realistically, the cheapest shaft on the market will cost about $40 and a low-end blade for it about $25. More likely you will spend over $150 to get a two-piece stick of decent quality. However, since the largest numbers of breakages in sticks occur at the blade, the two-piece is an attractive option after the initial investment. Two-piece shafts and blades are interchangeable between brands. Junior and Senior are the two basic blade sizes. The shafts come in Junior, Senior and Intermediate sizes with intermediate shafts accepting senior blades. Tapered two-piece sticks are typically the top performing two-piece sticks and priced accordingly. The Modern One Piece Sticks The term one-piece stick used to simply refer to a wooden stick that wasn’t broken. Now it refers to the expensive, featherweight, composite jobs that would make NASA proud. (The price tags are starting to get into the NASA range too). The one-piece stick is the newest of stick options. Easton’s very popular Synergy started the craze and remains among the most popular choices today. The one-piece is the lightest of the three basic choices available, and widely considered the top performer as well. A one-piece stick will have a very nice, almost weightless feel to it when even the casual player picks it up. The one-piece is made of carbon fiber or Kevlar. One-piece sticks are probably the most hyped up piece of hockey equipment today. Every brand seems to have their own unique design, from holes in the shaft, to a spine on the blade like a two-piece; the one piece is a durable, high performance choice. The one-piece will give most players many months of quality play. There is little argument that a good player will notice a more powerful shot with a one-piece stick. So perhaps the biggest downside to the one-piece stick is their position as the most expensive option. The price of a one-piece is generally comparable to that of a two-piece initially but does top out much higher. Not only is the initial investment sometimes higher, but in order to keep that same high level of performance, players will need to buy a new stick every time they break one. As you can see there are a variety of sticks to choose from and not every person will like the same stick. Even with all this information I just gave to you, it still might be hard for you to choose one that you will like. It's not something your friend can help you pick out because it's more of your opinion and how it feels in your hands. Hockey is a sport where the gear and theme of the game are both independent, the help of others is useful but at the end of the day, it’s on your shoulders; it’s your choice that makes the final decision.

personal strength and weakness essays

personal strength and weakness essays Everyone has certain qualities or traits that influence ones decisions, which can be either beneficial or detrimental. This is where personal strengths and weaknesses derive from or make each one of us unique. We need to be able to recognize not only our strengths, but also more importantly, our weaknesses. Weaknesses would be the area that we need to ask for help or assistance from others in order to grow and prosper as an individual. Life is a never-ending learning experience. One of the most important lessons we can ever learn from comes from within. As we go through life, it is essential that we learn who we are, and have the ability to recognize and grow from our own personal strengths and weaknesses. By identifying our personal strengths and weaknesses we can become successful in our professional life, as well as our personal. Personal strengths need to be reinforced in order to keep them affecting us in positive way. Weaknesses should be overcome in order to get us closer to our goal, and avoid slowing others down when you are part of a team. As we go through life, it is essential that we learn who we are. As part of my Navy training I was always forced to repeat Great leaders know their personal strengths, and look for people who will offset their weaknesses. Im sure our training commanders were quoting somebody, but I believe that the most important lessons we can ever learn come from within. One of my skills at work is the ability to follow directions without being reminded to repeat that same task. Getting things done right the first time is one of my primary missions. Another strength I have is in my ability to learn new tasks quickly. This is talent that is most helpful in my personal and professional life. I am a hard working individual and enjoy helping others. While at work, I am a team player and I do my best at completing the job correctl ...

Imagery essays

Imagery essays Imagery is used throughout the Odyssey and the story of Oedipus. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is compared to objects, other people and animals. In the story of Oedipus, Oedipus is compared to riddles and objects. In the Odyssey, Odysseuss adventure brings him through many tragedies and hard time. His name is revealed in the story as being one who suffers. Toward the end of the story he is compared to a lion when he emerges victorious against the suitors and the maids are described as small animals scurrying away from him. He is described missing his wife as a shipwrecked swimmer misses the shore. His wife Penelope is described grappling Odysseus as a swimmer that has finally reached land. Throughout the Odyssey Sleep is used to convince the reader that Odysseus is mortal. When he sleeps something bad happens. Sleep means he is not like the Gods peppered through the story. He is mortal and Gods dont have to sleep. In the story of Oedipus his name is swollen feet. This imagery of swollen feet is the key to his identity. The image of the foot in the riddle of the sphinx is used to describe man and Oedipus. He has 4 feet when he is a young child he has 3 feet when he is old and blind and needs the assistance of a cane and he has two feet when he is at the height of his power. There is curse over Thebes, making the land and women infertile. The image of fertility is given with the Goddess of the earth giving the curse upon the land and women. Throughout both the Odyssey and Oedipus the image of family is used. In the Odyssey lineage is used with Odysseuss father son and himself bringing a sense of family values to the story. In Oedipus the link between him being Husband and son to his wife and mother and father and son to his children also relates to his multiple identities. As well as his family his identities are shifted to being a band of ...

How to Stay Calm During Finals Week

How to Stay Calm During Finals Week While college stress is constant throughout the semester, college stress during finals week takes it to a whole new level. These six easy ways to rest and relax during finals week can help you make it through the madness. Remove Yourself From the  Stress Get time away/alone. Chances are, everyone you know at school is stressed during finals week, too. Take a few minutes to take a walk off-campus, treat yourself to a coffee in a place not full of stressed students, or find some other way/place that you can get yourself out of the finals-week environment, if even just for a few minutes. Unplug and Reboot Before Exams Spend 3-5 minutes not doing anything. This is often more challenging than it sounds. But take a few minutes to turn off all of your technology and sit and relax- even meditate, if you can. Those few minutes can calm your mind and your spirit while helping you  refocus and recharge. Have Some Fun Spend 15-20 minutes doing something purely for fun. The break for your brain will do wonders for its productivity later. Watch silly YouTube videos, read a trashy magazine, play a video game, or Skype with a friend far away. Hit the Gym Get some exercise in a low-stress situation. Translation: practice with your basketball team doesnt count. Go for a relaxing walk, ride your bike without knowing where youll end up, or go for a quick jog. And if its too cold outside, try something new in the gym. You might be surprised by how relaxed- and energized!- you feel afterward. Watch the Game Attend a sporting event.  If youre studying for finals at the end of the fall semester, chances are you can attend a football or basketball game during finals week. Leave your books in your room and really let yourself relax and enjoy, knowing that the time spent away will help your studying later. Get Things out of Your Brain and Onto Paper Make a list- and write down everything. For some people, making a list can really help reduce stress because it helps put things in perspective. The best way to get things organized  and to get a feeling of satisfaction is to write down every single thing you need to do- like eating breakfast/lunch/dinner, doing laundry, getting some sleep, and going to class. Getting things written down- and then crossed off- can do wonders for your sense of control and accomplishment during a very busy time.

Individual Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual - Case Study Example In terms of its operations strategy, Whole Foods is using a market-led strategy which manifested by its varying store size, layout and design that is largely dependent on the particular site and building configuration and the store’s target clientele. Recent developments and conditions in the natural and organic foods segment of the food retailing industry such as the USDA labeling standards for organic products and the post 2000 increased sales of natural and organic foods at conventional U.S. supermarkets than in the nation’s natural foods stores have increased industry competition. Whole Foods development of new stores and acquisition of others ensures the company continues to increase its market share which gives it muscle to better face the rising competition. Also, the company’s varying store design, size and product variety increases its market positioning among its target clientele. Whole Foods strategy is therefore well matched to meet these recent developments and conditions. John Mackey’s strategic vision is for Whole Foods to become a national brand and be regarded as the best food retailer in every community it served. This is a good strategic vision for two main reasons. Firstly, the trend towards organics is still in its infancy and as such to increase revenues and profitability the organization has to pursue market development. For market development across the United States to be effective Whole Foods would require national branding. Secondly, Whole Foods has to compete with large established retailers that have large distribution networks such as Wal-Mart and Costco that are increasingly attracted to the natural and organic food industry. With a growing market it is more prudent for Whole Foods to rapidly gain market share in order to compete against these â€Å"more-resourced† competitors. Core values

IFRS effects on banking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IFRS effects on banking - Term Paper Example re of the financial data and the banking company will have to decide carefully regarding the presentation and disclosure so as to keep consistent with other companies. The consolidation requirements of the IFRS require that the statement mentions all the subsidiaries of the company. Special Purpose Entities (SPE) are formed by banks in order to secure loans, influence the leasing transactions and plan the investments and banks are at times form a part in the SPEs which are not included in the consolidated statements, the IFRS may require consolidation to those SPEs as well. (International, 2011) The accounting based on the financial instruments, which an integral part of the banking industry, is also affected as the classification and measurement of the financial instruments is complex with respect to both the standards. (Young, 2011) The measurement of impairment of the financial instruments also involves complexity when a company transits from GAAP to IFRS. The methods of impairment as well as the recognition will also be affected with the use of IFRS in the company. The accounting criteria of IFRS for leases is different from that of GAAP and the IFRS requires more lease transactions to be recognized in the accounts of an entity as compared to those required by GAAP. The banks will be greatly affected who do not recognise the operating leases on their balance sheets when the substance of the lease transaction is that the bank has all the rewards and risk transferred to it. The adoption of IFRS by a banking sector company will require an additional amount of effort in order to comply with the requirements of the IFRS. Some premeditated decisions will be needed to be taken to avoid any additional or incremental costs for the transformation. (IAS

STUXNET Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

STUXNET - Research Paper Example As the engineer hooked the computer to the Internet, the worm spread far and wide. How the Stuxnet Worm Spread The Stuxnet worm started to spread in March 2010, but it took its first variant about three months from then to appear. As people learnt about the existence of the worm on 15 July 2010, the servers for two mailing lists were attacked with the distributed denial-of-service on the industrial-systems security. Although at that time, the source of attack could not be worked out, yet it was suspected to be the Stuxnet worm. As a result of the attack, one of the two mailing lists got disabled, thus interrupting a very important informative source for the factories and the power plants. Two more variants of the Stuxnet worm surfaced; the first in March 2010 and the second in April 2010. In the authors’ opinion, the second and substantially improved variant showed up because of slow progression of the Stuxnet worm. The third variant that surfaced in April 2010 had only minor improvements. There is a build time-stamp in thee worm that starts from 3 February 2010. According to the report delivered by the Sky News on 25 November 2010 in the United Kingdom, an anonymous source whose IT security organization was also unidentified sent the news to Sky News that the black market had received a variation of the Stuxnet worm, but there was lack of consensus among the security experts over this matter. How the Stuxnet Worm Works Stuxnet makes use of vulnerability just like Windows uses the shortcut files to expand to new systems. The Stuxnet worm’s design was bottom-up so that it could effectively attack the systems implemented for the management of industrial networks like chemical manufacturing facilities and power plants as well as the systems of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). In the start, the Stuxnet worm was thought to progress through such removable drives as USB sticks. However, about two weeks after the Stuxnet worm was first id entified, researchers of the Kaspersky Lab working in Moscow found that an unknown security flaw in the sharing of printer resources by the Windows could also help the Stuxnet worm spread. Microsoft found a way to fix this vulnerability with MS10-061 which varies in risk from one type of windows to another. â€Å"At least one aspect of what Stuxnet does is to take control of the process and to be able to do†¦whatever the author or programmer wants it to do. This has potentially devastating consequences, and there needs to be a lot more attention focused on it† (Weiss cited in â€Å"‘Stuxnet’ Worm Far†). The Target of the Stuxnet Worm The main target of the Stuxnet worm is the Siemens software. One trait that distinguishes the Stuxnet worm from most viruses that have been identified to date is that it remains silent till the time the worm locates Siemens software in the Windows system. Once the Siemens software is found, the Stuxnet worm exploits up to four 0-day attacks. The Stuxnet worm infected the SCADA systems in 14 functional plants of Siemens, though the infections could not hold the infected plants’ productions. According to the IDG News reports, the Stuxnet worm has infected systems at the Siemens plants in North America, Korea, and the UK, while the maximum infections have so far been made in the plants operating in

Pacific war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pacific war - Essay Example However control of the sea was practicable only after island territories had been secured as bases for air and logistics sustenance. This dictated equity in employment of land and air forces in conjunction with combat ships. This created intense service rivalries primarily between the land and sea force commanders. At the tactical level allotment of forces for operations was on a task force basis and overcame the service biases to an extent. The key personalities involved were of great significance. On one hand we have Douglas MacArthur, who has been referred to as the American Caesar an Army general with impeccable professional reputation. Decorated in the First World War, he had the distinction of being recalled on active service on the outbreak of the Second World War and then placed in command of American forces in the Philippines.2 Overwhelmed by the Japanese in the Philippines, MacArthur was determined to return, an obsession to some extent which dictated some of his strategic proclivities in the years ahead. His reputation as a military commander survived his failure in the Philippines. ... He was considered the fore most authority on submarines in the US Navy. He is credited to have successfully halted the Japanese advance after the initial disaster of the Pearl Harbor and led the counter offensive in the Pacific overcoming the deficiencies in supplies and ships by successive victories in the Battles of the Coral Sea, Midway and the Campaign in the Solomon Islands.3 The US Navy considered Nimitz as their mascot in the Pacific and despite the seniority differential felt that he was the most suited for a joint command with quantitative superiority with the Navy. Victory as is commonly said has many fathers. The controversy of ascribing success of Allied victory in the Pacific to Nimitz or MacArthur is contained in a number of factors as inter service rivalry, lack of unity of command, the concomitant success of the forces under each commander, strategic outlook and the personalities themselves. While each of these issues is important, the strategy ascribed to Nimitz and MacArthur would be a prime consideration which is being discussed along with other factors herein. The Strategic Backdrop With the tide of success having turned in favor of the Allies, at the Quadrant Conference at Quebec in August 1943, it was decided that two lines of approach for subjugation of the Japanese be undertaken. In South West Pacific, General MacArthur was placed in command of the forces to undertake an offensive in Eastern New Guinea to include Wewak, the Admirality Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago, neutralize Rabaul and advance along the New Guinea coast to the Vogelkop peninsula. The second approach was to be through the Central

Women, marriage, and shame in the nineteenth century France Term Paper

Women, marriage, and shame in the nineteenth century France - Term Paper Example Flaubert relates the marriage and the shame Emma had to endure with the other ordinary women of France and the way French trends were followed by them. Emma, in the beginning of novel, is presented as a beautiful, sharp and happy girl but, after marriage is referred to as a troubled, unhappy and unsatisfied house wife and mother, while at the end of the novel, she portraits herself as a tragic heroine and kills herself. Emma Bovary (Madame Bovary): Madame Bovary, was the young and beautiful wife of a doctor named â€Å"Charles†. She lived in the world of imaginations and fantasy. For Emma, life was nothing but a bundle of excitements. She was not only beautiful, but was also very intelligent and sharp. But, unfortunately, she could not develop her mind as a cautious adult woman. She could not utilize her intelligence and be well-aware of the world and her surroundings. The world in which Emma would live was far more different from the actual world. Emma had a very extremely ro mantic view and imagination of the world. She strongly believed in romance and excitement related to romance. This opinion of her about a beautiful and romantic world differed from the real world. As Emma was in a habit of reading romantic books and novels, this habit drove her even more towards the heights of passion for romance. She grew even more desperate to experience it. After she met Charles, she felt that she was having a great compatibility with him as both of them enjoyed each other’s company. They would spend a lot of time meeting each other which would please not only Emma but also Charles. Soon with the consent of Emma’s father, they got married. But, unexpectedly Emma started getting bored after marriage and started losing interest in her husband. Therefore, Emma’s opinion about marriage and her excitement about romance in the married life perished away. She became quite disillusioned, dull and miserable about her married life as her husband Charle s was very good but a bit dull and boring and was not able to come up with the expectations of his wife, rather the imaginations of his wife. This dissatisfaction with her married life led Emma to two marital affairs. This was because she was trying to seek for more romantic pleasure and wanted to make her life risky and excited. Emma, after marriage, soon gave birth to a daughter who was named â€Å"Berthe†. This could prove to be a change and a reason to get excited fir Emma but even motherhood seemed boring to her and was again disappointed with her life Women in the 19th century France: Women in 19th century France, were quite different and far more responsible and loyal than the way Emma was described I the novel. They not only had to look after their home but also earn for their family. They would work in different fields performing different jobs in order to act as a helping hand for their husband. They would usually work outside their homes without their children, hus band and other members of the family being neglected. Working outside the home would make them face uncountable and unimaginable sorts of challenges which they would face readily and bravely and then would take good care of their family as well. Some women would work indoors as well, such as maids, laundry women, tailors etc. This would not only keep them safe from the challenges of the outer world but also provide them with the income to help their family. But, these kinds of indoor jobs were not always helpful and enough for their family, therefore, majority of them had to go out to

Pacific war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pacific war - Essay Example However control of the sea was practicable only after island territories had been secured as bases for air and logistics sustenance. This dictated equity in employment of land and air forces in conjunction with combat ships. This created intense service rivalries primarily between the land and sea force commanders. At the tactical level allotment of forces for operations was on a task force basis and overcame the service biases to an extent. The key personalities involved were of great significance. On one hand we have Douglas MacArthur, who has been referred to as the American Caesar an Army general with impeccable professional reputation. Decorated in the First World War, he had the distinction of being recalled on active service on the outbreak of the Second World War and then placed in command of American forces in the Philippines.2 Overwhelmed by the Japanese in the Philippines, MacArthur was determined to return, an obsession to some extent which dictated some of his strategic proclivities in the years ahead. His reputation as a military commander survived his failure in the Philippines. ... He was considered the fore most authority on submarines in the US Navy. He is credited to have successfully halted the Japanese advance after the initial disaster of the Pearl Harbor and led the counter offensive in the Pacific overcoming the deficiencies in supplies and ships by successive victories in the Battles of the Coral Sea, Midway and the Campaign in the Solomon Islands.3 The US Navy considered Nimitz as their mascot in the Pacific and despite the seniority differential felt that he was the most suited for a joint command with quantitative superiority with the Navy. Victory as is commonly said has many fathers. The controversy of ascribing success of Allied victory in the Pacific to Nimitz or MacArthur is contained in a number of factors as inter service rivalry, lack of unity of command, the concomitant success of the forces under each commander, strategic outlook and the personalities themselves. While each of these issues is important, the strategy ascribed to Nimitz and MacArthur would be a prime consideration which is being discussed along with other factors herein. The Strategic Backdrop With the tide of success having turned in favor of the Allies, at the Quadrant Conference at Quebec in August 1943, it was decided that two lines of approach for subjugation of the Japanese be undertaken. In South West Pacific, General MacArthur was placed in command of the forces to undertake an offensive in Eastern New Guinea to include Wewak, the Admirality Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago, neutralize Rabaul and advance along the New Guinea coast to the Vogelkop peninsula. The second approach was to be through the Central

Compliance in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compliance in Marketing - Essay Example In such business interrelations, customers are required to act according to the regulations given by a service provider. In this business service providers and customers do not meet face to face and they, therefore, interact actively or passively through media. Examples of such businesses include education, banking services, health services like weight losses rules among others. In this kind of business interactions, lack of customers to adhere to regulations means failure. This business innovation has been faced with criticism by various individuals. There are issues that rise up concerning methods of sampling, data collections, and analysis. While some scholars agree with these methods, some others do not agree with them. Works done by Dellande and Nyer; Dellande; Gilly and Graham as well as the work of Kasabov and Warlow are examples of some works that have published about Customer Compliance Business Methods (CCBM). Analysis of these works reveals different issues of concern abou t methods of data sampling, data collection and analysis. In this work, I will review articles by the above authors to show strengths and weaknesses of their methods of data acquisition, synthesis and presentation. Part 2 Critical Evaluation of Articles Research work is considered well done when it ensures validity and reliability. Data also should be collected within ethical bounds. This means that it would be important to put into consideration values of the people studied (Al-Aidaros, Idris, and Shamsudin, 2011). Automated Marketing and the Growth of ‘Customer Compliance’ Businesses by Kasabov and Warlow In this article, the author presents a study of Customer Compliance Model in which he argues that members of the society are expected to receive services without question. In that way, this article does not offer a chance for a customer to suggest anything about a service they receive. This article presents a kind of service delivery that is totally automated (Kasabo v and Warlow, 2009, p.31-32). As a method of data collection, this is not viable because of dynamics that are represented by different people. This method lacks the ability to handle broad problem area. This is an aspect that any research should represent for problem solving (Nouri, n.d, p.7). Access of information presented during service delivery cannot be well sampled because the method does not offer any chance of study of distribution. To be able to sample, direct contact is essential (Business Conduct, 2012). Less people are able to access automated data that would reduce reliability of data, which may by any means be obtained in a research of this nature. Automation of service makes it difficult for sampling (Greener, 2008, p.47). In giving analysis of information obtained in an automated service delivery, as advanced by Kasabov and Warlow, there are possibilities of biases. This is because some of the data obtained cannot be validated because it is based on poorly sampled so urces. It makes it difficult to generalise information. This method does not give a careful consideration of ethics. First, because service providers do not request customers to respond to services provided using their views. Second, because service providers always implement their innovation without considering the views of customers (Bryman and Bell, 2007, p.143). Gaining Compliance and Losing Weight: The Role of the Service Provider in Health Care Services by Stephanie Dellande, Mary C. Gilly, and John L. Graham This article describes a research that was done through use of questionnaires, direct participation, analysis of secondary sources of data and in-depth interviews. These were used as methods of data

Increased Competition in the Field of Robotics Essay Example for Free

Increased Competition in the Field of Robotics Essay If desired, calibrate the virtual process to reflect physical conditions and download optimized robot programs. By simulating your process you can always be sure to have the right combination of robot, gun and fixtures. After all, in virtual reality, bumping in to car parts and fixtures does not really matter. Arc Geometric simulation enables accurate arc weld robot programs with optimized gun angle against the seam. Also, it is easy to evaluate guns with different swan neck angles for best reachability. Spot When working on-line it is not an easy thing to program a spot welding robot to weld perpendicular to a surface. With the aid of geometric simulation systems, this is ensured, with improved quality and a durable weld as a result. Evaluating and designing spot weld guns is effectively done in a virtual environment. Laser Laser technology has made many processes more efficient. Robotized laser applications really deserves state of the art manufacturing simulation technology as a companion. Truly these technologies is for the future. Painting When programming a paint robot on-line, there are often difficulties associated with where and how to store robot positions in order to get the best result. Off-line programming reduces many of these difficulties. Features such as paint thickness simulation and the fact that you actually see where you are aiming truly help. Consumption of paint, products, and above all time needed for on-line touch up dramatically decreases. Handling and assembly Simulation can also be used in robotized handling and assembly operations. The product can be checked in fixtures and grippers and together with other products. Kinematics can be added to products. During simulation of handling processes reachability can be checked and collisions can be detected and provided. Simulation can also be used to optimize the layout by checking the placement of fixtures, racks and other equipment. Simulation of human operations Not only robot operations can be simulated, also human operations are possible to simulate. Simulation of human operations is important in an ergonomic point of view. Reachability and accessibility can be analyzed in an early stage of the project, before any physical verification is possible. Different sizes of the human model can be used to point out if changes in layout, process equipment or product are necessary. By using simulation, difficult and/or impossible operations can be eliminated. The purpose of these analyses is to prevent harmful operations. The result of the simulations can also be used in an educational purpose. 4. Robots in place of Human in Food Industry. Robots to solve end-of-line issues in food industry. They face a number of challenges in their end-of-line packaging operations. In a manual process, they must deal with ergonomic issues, labor availability, and the uncertainty of increasing costs associated with recent and potential future legislation. In an automated process, accommodating rapid-fire package changes driven by sustainability initiatives and shelf impact, as well understanding and improving key performance measures such as Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), are key. And in any process, food safety is an overriding concern on the minds of processors, as the consequences of foodborne illness and/or massive product recalls have affected a wide range of food categories. . Current Robotic Trends in Packaging Industrial robots have emerged as a valuable end-of-line tool to help address these challenges for food manufacturers, as the performance and user-friendliness of the technology has increased while costs have decreased. Growth in vision-assisted robotic applications is especially notable, as vision enables a robot to emulate the flexibility of human hand-eye coordination and perform a number of in-process product inspections for quality assurance. A number of statistics point to increased adoption of robotics in the industry: The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) Statistics Department, which provides information on world-wide trends in robotics, reports optimistically about robotics industry growth in the coming years. According to the Robotics and Automation Society, whose goal is to †advance innovation, education, and fundamental and applied research in Robotics and Automation, † (1) says that †Nearly every major user industry increased its purchases in the opening quarter of 2010. Especially strong gains were seen in robot sales to the semiconductor/electronics/photonics industries as well as food consumer goods. † In addition, â€Å"Material handling remains the largest application area for new robot orders, accounting for some 60% of the units sold. Many food companies and packaging machinery manufacturers have successfully applied robots in a wide variety of processes in the dairy, meat, baking, confection, frozen, snack, beverage, and even produce industries.

Religions Influence On Society And Homosexuality Sociology Essay

Religions Influence On Society And Homosexuality Sociology Essay This research paper will look at how religious, mainly Christian, practitioners and studiers of science or psychology have influenced societys view of homosexuality. The Gay Rights Movement has been and is the longest fight for rights in history due to the fervent and persistent opposition put up by fundamentalist Christian leaders and scientists trying to prove homosexuality is a disability, which combined lead to society in general to ostracizing anyone of a different sexual orientation than heterosexual. The pressure that stems from religion is the long-standing belief that homosexuality is a sin. The bible, which to this day remains the best-selling book in the world, quite clearly condemns homosexuality in Leviticus 18:22. The majority of Christian followers interpret this verse literally, condemning anyone of non-heterosexual orientation. A large portion of todays society is overwhelmingly homophobic, and a lot of this has to do with Christianity being the largest religion in t he world, and it has been around for nearly 2000 years. Religion has always offered a why in life, meaning an explanation for why people exist, and science became a rational alternate option. Religion is based entirely on worshipping a deity or higher being that was responsible for the creation of humankind and life in general, whereas science is based on the physical evidence that is interpreted into the scientific version of creation and becoming how humanity is today (evolution). Religion and science, as a general rule, refute each other and constantly campaign to prove the other wrong. Despite this, however, for a very long time they agreed on one thing: homosexuality is bad. Science, for a while professed that homosexuality was one of two things: one it didnt really exist and was a life choice that people made themselves, or two that it was a treatable disorder. Eventually the science community reneged this opinion, after maintaining it for years. Today, groups like the America n Psychiatric Association (APA), who are considered the world experts on the human brain, now have officially declared that homosexuality is not a disorder, syndrome, or any form of mental disease, and cannot be changed by the individual. They also strongly oppose things like anti-gay ministries, where religious organizations will try to fix or save gays. Science became an alternate belief system to religion in the early 1600s. The Catholic church often ostracized members of the church for being scientists, and anyone who believed in something that wasnt Creationism. Christianity became all about tradition and science became all about discovery and changing. The two began a continuous struggle for society to follow one and not the other, and to force society to conform. The vast majority of the human race follows one or the other or both: science and/or religion. Christianity generally condemns homosexuality, and almost always has. This total damnation eventually lead to largely Christian values becoming an intrinsic norm in society as a whole, as demonstrated by the attitude of the public. Christianity remains the root of this hatred, as perpetrated by religious denominations in the world, and by the largely Christian dominated governments in many industrialized countries. The Holy Roman Catholic church was the first established Christian church, and since several hundred denominations have split off from it and each other, producing many different takes on the bible and religious morals. Nearly every culture in the world has or has had religion and now Christianity is the most dominant religion in the world with 1.9 to 2.1 billion believers (all denominations of Christianity). Christianity started with turn of the millennium roughly 2011 years ago. The writing of the New Testament in the bible happened shortly after Jesus was crucified, whi ch religious historians estimate was around 40 AD. Thus Christianity was born. The Old Testament, which Judaism also follows, was written a long time before Jesus came. This is where the book of Leviticus is. 22 Do not have sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman; that is detestable (Leviticus 18:22) is the bible verse that is used to justify religious homophobia (notice that it has nothing about gay women). Many millions of Christians depend on one man to tell them what the bible means and what they should do to follow it and this man is the Pope. He is the leader of the Holy Roman Catholic church. The current one is Pope Benedict XVI. It is a tendency toward an intrinsic moral evil, and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a person engaging in homosexual behavior therefore acts immorally (Benedict XVI) is Pope Benedicts official stance on homosexuality. He does call for more compassion, but maintains that homosexuality is a s in and thinks that sex should occur only between a married man and woman. Many Christian leaders agree with him and have more to add, like Reverend Albert Mohler Jr. There is no conclusive research that indicates any biological basis for sexual orientation. But and this is a big if here if science were ever to discover a correlation or causation with biological factors, Christians should not be surprised. We believe in the catastrophic and comprehensive effects of the Fall and Gods judgment upon sinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦such a discovery, if it were to be accepted, would not change Gods condemnation of all forms of homosexual behavior, nor would it mean that this represents the inviolable identity of any individual. As I argued previously, moral responsibility does not require absolute moral choice. A soldier in battle may not have chosen to be in a situation of moral anguish, but he is still absolutely responsible for his decisions and actions. Those who commit homosexual acts, whoever they are and whatever their biological profile, are absolutely responsible for their sin. Regardless of any actual or hypothetical orientation, those who commit same-se x acts are responsible for the choice to commit the sinful act. Those who claim that they did not choose their sexual attraction are nevertheless fully responsible for choosing to perform sexual acts the Bible condemns as sin period. (Mohler 2007). This is the opinion R. Albert Mohler Jr. provides for his public in the online newspaper he writes for frequently. He says that homosexuals cant change from being homosexual, but it is acting on it that is a sin. This is a used justification for the persecution of homosexuals. However, some differ from this belief that homosexuality is something that cant be changed just the actions. Many churches believe that therapy can cure homosexuality. This therapy ranges from gay-bashing seminars to shock treatment to gang-rape. There are facilities that use things like seminars on how to become heterosexual, or even shock treatment. These methods are supposed to cure an individual of homosexuality by showing them that being heterosexual is advantageous because it is holy and will get one to heaven. These seminars also tell all the disadvantages of being gay, using the inability to have children between same-sex couples and the bible as justification to become heterosexual. Some people who hav e exited these programs say that they work, and now claim that they are heterosexual. Although the vast majority of religion resoundingly condemns homosexuality, there are some Christians that dont. For example, a book called Homosexuality and the Christian Faith, which was written by several ministers and church-associated people, says that Efforts to change ones sexual orientation usually (some say always) fail. People who have experimented with homosexual behavior (as many heterosexual people do) can turn away from it. And homosexuals, like heterosexuals, can become celibate. But a recent review of research on efforts to help people change their sexual orientation concludes that there is no evidence indicating that such treatments are effective. Christian ex-gay organizations have had a go at this. But now are most are now either defunct or abandoned by their ex-gay founders. Reading their literature, one is struck by the admitted homosexual temptations many ex-gays struggle with (Wink 68). This is the opinion of David G Myers who is a social psychologist and contributed to this book on Accepting What Cannot Be Changed, in Chapter 7. Decidedly, not all Christians are homophobic, in fact there are many who arent and completely reject the policies put out by ministries like the Holy Roman Catholic Church. Denominations like the United Church of Christ (UCC) have earned nicknames like the gay ministry because they were revolutionary in their thinking. The UCC was the first Christian denomination to ordain and hire an out gay minister, as well as the first woman minister and the first black minster. All together, Christianity largely doesnt accept homosexuality and wields a significant influence over society as they have 2.1 billion members. Science is the careful study of physical evidence to find reasoning for life and its many components. It is the way many people rationalize the existence of consciousness and being. Science is anything from the study of insects to the study of the human brain. The human brain has been a source of fascination for hundreds of years. Psychology is not an exact study, which makes it hard to pinpoint. However, people have been trying for years. Famous psychologists like Sigmund Freud had many theories on mental disorders, and homosexuality was counted among these for many years. Starting around 1867, a scientist named Karl Heinrich Ulrichs began publishing his findings on homosexuality and the human brain. He was the first pioneer in the field of homosexuality scientifically. He theorized that gays and lesbians were created during the incubation period, that the external gender was one and the internal gender was the opposite (internal woman, external man or vice versa). He also coined hi s own terms fro gays. An urning was a gay man, an urningin was a lesbian, a dioning was a straight person and a urano-dioning was a bisexual person. Urning meant follower or descencent of Uranus, urningin meant heavenly Aphrodite daughter of Uranus, dioning meant common Aphrodite daughter of Zeus by mortal Dione, and urano-dioning was a combination (Uranus or Ouranus was the Greek god of the sky, who married the earth god, Gaia, and their children were the Titans, who emasculated Uranus for Gaia, and then were imprisoned themselves by their children who were the Greek gods Zeus, Posiedon and Hades). Ulrichs claimed that urnings and urningins were the third sex. He also believed that there was a scale of being gay. Homosexuals were a wiebling or a mannling. Wieblings were the female-type, or receptive, meaning the played the role of a woman during sex, and were also feminine in every other manner. Mannlings were the male-type or insertive, meaning the played the role of a man during sex, and were masculine in every other way. Ulrichs was the very first to ever research homosexuality, and using his studies he advocated for gay rights for his entire career. Magnus Hirschfeld was the second real pioneer in this field of study. His theories were more widely disputed, mostly to the inconsistencies of his theories and his tendency to disagree with himself later on. He was the first scientist in this field to advocate against gay marriage. He theorized that homosexuality was invented by Nature to prevent from producing degenerate offspring. He claimed that homosexual individuals would produce disabled or handicapped children and were also produced by degenerate families, but later refuted this theory when he considered that he himself was gay and could find no fault with his family to use as justification. He did, however, believe that homosexuality was largely dependent on environment. Hirschfeld interpreted masculinity and femininity as abstractions and speculated t hat sexual orientation was intrinsic with male and female characteristics, of the mental and physical levels. Thus people who were more androgynous in appearance and mental make-up were more likely to be gay. He even went as far as speculating about potential spermatozoa in vaginal secretions on women and menstrual blood in the urine of men. The next scientist in this field was named Steinach and was the first to perform any physical surgery to try and cure homosexuality. He performed testicle transplants between heterosexual and homosexual males. He took the testicles of a heterosexual man and placed them in a gay man. This failed to cure the gay men of their homosexuality and actually caused many health problems, like hair loss and the loss of the ability to have an erection. Then came Sigmund Freud. Freud theorized on various matters of psychoanalysis, and did many studies on homosexual men (there werent many studies on lesbians ever). He dealt mainy with the sexual drive area of the brain, called the Libido. He maintained one solid reasoning for men being gay: In their earliest childhood, later forgotten, they had an intense erotic attachment to a female person, as a rule their mother, provoked and fostered by the excessive tenderness of the mother herself, further buttressed by recessiveness of the father in the childs life at a later stage the boy represses his love for his mother by putting himself in her place, identifies himself with her, and takes his own person as a model in whose likeness he chooses his new love objects' (LeVay 33). In short, Freud believed that a smothering mother and a recessive father made a gay man. A follower of Freud named Ovesey took these theories further According to Ovesey, a gay man is often fearful of female genitalia because they remind him of the danger castration. Therefore he represses his attraction to women and the Libido associated with that attraction finds another channel for expression namely in attraction to men. Thus, for many homosexual men homosexuality is not their authentic orientation but merely a displaced route for sexual release (LeVay 75) The only theories he offered on lesbians were that he thought they were upset with only having a clitoris and this made them jealous of the male genitalia. He thought that this shouldnt be used as justification to take rights however Psychoanalytic research, wrote Sigmund Freud in 1915, is most decidedly opposed to any attempt at separating off homosexuals from the rest of mankind as a group of special character' (LeVay 67). Many psychology associations included homosexuality in their list of disorders due to Freud. Later in 1957, The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality for its book of disorders, declaring that homosexuality was not a curable problem in the brain. Further scientific research was in the 1900s with genetic research. Many believed for a long time that their might be a gay gene but this theory has been disproved. Most of the major science journals reported on progress in the field of genetics, but also speculated on how the information would now be used. The one piece of information that ever materialized in form the Human Genome Project was the identification of the so called gay-gene' (Harrub and Thompson 1). This was the result of the Human Genome Project, which many people hoped would come with a scientific justification for homosexuality. When it didnt, many still insisted that there was a genetic reason. Science has always existed but people didnt start really studying it until after Christianity was firmly established. There were even some original Christian scientists like Galileo Galeli, who discovered that the solar system is heliocentric instead of geocentric and was ostracized from the Catholic Church because of it. Science is based off of logic and physical evidence, whereas religion is based on faith. Science, because of this, has even influenced religion, because some Christians accept both. Many Christians also believe that homosexuality is a disorder, even though the APA declared it isnt. This is the reasoning behind many ex-gay ministries, even though psychologists overwhelmingly agree that they are extremely harmful to the individual and are not a psychological institutio n by any means. Science, therefore, wields an incredible influence over society due to some religious acceptance and those who dont have a religion who are largely accepting of scientific fact. Society is a complex place. It is so layered with culture and ways of life that it is hard to analyze and make generalizations about. Luckily there are many consistencies and commonalities in cultures. Homosexuality has been around for centuries, around 26 centuries in fact. There is even evidence pre-dating 600 BC, but its accuracy is questionable, so everything after is what is included below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 600 BC- Island of Lesbos was later the inspiration for the word lesbian à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 27 BC- first recorded same-sex marriages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 244-249 AD- Emperor Phillip the Arab tries to outlaw homosexual prostitution and fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 342- First law against same-sex marriage, promulgated by Christian Emperors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 390- Homosexuality declared illegal by Christian emperors, and the punishment would be publicly burned alive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 484- Christian emperors still collect taxes on male prostitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 529- Homosexuals made scapegoat by Christian emperors for things like flooding and storms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1102- Council of London ensures English public knows homosexuality is sinful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1260- France places genital mutilation as punishment for homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1321- Dantes Inferno places sodomites in the 7th circle of hell à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1476- Leonardo Da Vinci charged with sodomy, no verdict à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1532- Holy Roman Empire makes sodomy death sentence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1533- King Henry VIII makes male sex death sentence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1553- Mary Tudor removes King Henry VIIIs laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1558- Elizabeth I reinstates Henry VIIIs laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1620- Prussia makes sodomy punishable by death à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1649- 1st known conviction for lesbianism (USA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1721- Execution for female sodomy in Germany à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1791- France decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1794- Prussia abolishes death penalty for sodomy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1811- Netherlands and Indonesia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1828- crime against nature is first used in the criminal code in the US à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1830- Brazil decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1832- Russia criminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1835- Russia forces Poland to criminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1836- last Great Britain execution for homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1852- Portugal decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1858- Ottoman Empire (Turkey) decriminalizes sodomy; Timor-Leste legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1865- San Marino decriminalizes sodomy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1867- Karl Heinrich Ulrichs speaks for homosexual rights in Munich à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1871- German Empire criminalizes homosexuality; Guatemala and Mexico decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1880- Empire of Japan decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1886- England decriminalizes homosexuality in men, but not women; Argentina and Portugal decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1889- Italy decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1895- Earl Lind starts first political party with gay rights in the policy agenda à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1903- New York has 1st raid on gay bathhouse, 12 went to trial on sodomy charges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1910- Emma Goldman fights for homosexual rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1913- faggot is used in literature for the first time in France à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1917- Russia repeals previous ruling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1920- gay is used for the first time referencing homosexuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1921- England tries to make lesbianism illegal and fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1924- 1st gay rights organization in the USA; Panama, Paraguay and Peru legalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1933- Denmark decriminalizes homosexuality; National Socialist German Workers Party bans homosexuals; homosexuals are sent to Nazi concentration camps à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1934- Uruguay decriminalizes homosexuality; USSR criminalizes gay men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1937- Pink Triangle is means gay men for Nazi party à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1940- Iceland decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1942- Switzerland decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1944- Sweden decriminalizes homosexuality; Suriname legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1945- Allies liberate concentration camps, but homosexuals have to serve full term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1950- 190 US government employees dismissed for being gay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1952- Christine Jorgenson is the 1st transgender (Male to Female, MTF) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1954- Alan Turning commits suicide after being given a choice between prison or hormone treatment for being gay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1956- Thailand decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1957- American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its disorders handbook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1958- US Supreme Court has a 1st case involving gay rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1961- Czechoslovakia and Hungary decriminalize sodomy; Vatican declares gays banned from the Catholic church; Illinois 1st US state to decriminalize sodomy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1963- Israel (De Facto) decriminalize sodomy between men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1965- 1st gay rights demonstration in Canada à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1967- Chad decriminalizes homosexuality; England and Wales decriminalize homosexuality between men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1968- East Germany decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1969- Canada decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1971- Austria, Costa Rica, Finland, Colorado, Oregon, and Idaho repeal sodomy laws; Idaho reinstates because of religious outrage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1972- Sweden allows legal sex changes; Hawaii legalizes homosexuality; East Lansing (MI), Ann Arbor (MC), and Sam Francisco (CA) are the first cities to pass homosexual rights ordinance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1973- Malta legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1974- Kathy Kozachenko is the 1st openly gay American elected to public office à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1975- California legalizes homosexuality; South Australia 1st state in Australia to legalize homosexuality; Panama allows legal sex change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1976- Christian Voice is founded, first anti-gay group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1977- Harvey Milk is the third out elected offcial; Quebec prohibits discrmination based on sexual orientation; Croatia, Montenegro and Slovenia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1978- Harvey Milk is assassinated; rainbow flag is first used as gay pride symbol; IGLA forms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1979- Spain and Cuba decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1980- Scotland decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1981- Northern Ireland, Victoria (Aus), and Colombia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1982- California has 1st gay mayor; AIDS acquires many homophobic nicknames à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1983- Portugal re-legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1985- France prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1986- Haiti decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1987- Homomonument founded in Amsterdam (memorial to persecuted homosexuals) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1988- Belize and Israel (De Jure) decriminalize sodomy and sex between men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1989- Western Australia decriminalizes homosexuality between men; Liechtenstein legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1990- UK Crown Dependency of Jersey and Queensland decriminalize homosexuality; Justin Fashanu is the 1st out football player à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1991- Bahamas, Hong Kong and Ukraine decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1992- Estonia and Latvia decriminalize homosexuality; World Health Organization declares homosexuality is not an illness; Australia lets gays in the military; Nicaragua recriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1993- Norfolk Island (Aus) repeals sodomy laws; Belarus, UK Crown Dependency of Gilbraltar, Iceland, Lithuania and Russia decriminalize homosexuality; USA instates Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy; New Zealand lets gays in the military à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1994- Bermuda, Germany, UK Crown Dependency Isle of Man, Serbia and South Africa decriminalize homosexuality; Canada grants sanctuary to gays fearing persecution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1995- Canada passes anti-discrimination law based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1996- Romania and Macedonia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1997- Ecuador and Tasmania decriminalize homosexuality; Fiji and South Africa pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1998- Bosnia, Herzegovina, Chile, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Southern Cyprus and Tajikistan decriminalize homosexuality; Matthew Shepard is brutally murdered; Ecuador, Ireland and Alberta pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2000- Azerbaijan, Gabon and Georgia decriminalize homosexuality; UK lets gays in the military; Nazis officially apologize to gays and lesbians for harm and persecution up to 1969 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2001- UK Territories decriminalize homosexuality; Rhode Island and Maryland pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation; Netherlands allows same-sex marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2002- China and Mongolia decriminalize homosexuality; Romania, Costa Rica and Arkansas repeal sodomy laws; Alaska and New York pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2003- Iraq decriminalizes homosexuality; Belgium, Ontario and British Colombia allow same-sex marriage; Bulgaria, UK, Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, New Mexico, and Pennslyvania pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation; Armenia and USA repeal sodomy laws; Belize recriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2004- Cape Verde, Marshall Islands decriminalize homosexuality; Manitoba, Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon and Massachusetts allow gay marriage; Australia , Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Virginia and Wisconsin ban same-sex marriage; Portugal, Indiana, Louisiana and Maine pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2005- Canada and Spain allow same-sex marriage; Latvia, Uganda, Kansas and Texas ban same-sex marriage; Illinois passes anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation, Puerto Rico repeals sodomy laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2006- South Africa allows same-sex marriage; Tennessee, Alabama, Colorado, Idaho, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia and Wisconsin ban same-sex marriage; Faroe Islands, Germany, New Zealand, Illinois, New Jersey, Washington, DC pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation, Kentucky voids anti-discrimination laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2007- Nepal and New Zealand territories decriminalize homosexuality; UK Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Oregon, and Vermont pass anti discrimination legislation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2008- Nicaragua and Panama decriminalize homosexuality; Connecticut allows gay marriage; Arizona, California and Florida ban same-sex marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2009- India decriminalizes homosexuality; Argentina, Phillipines and Uruguay end ban on gays in the military; Serbia, Delaware, and the USA Matthew Shepard Act, pass anti-discrimination legislation; Iceland has the first gay head of government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2010- Fiji decriminalizes homosexuality; Australia lets transgendered people in the military; Serbia lets gays in the military; Australia recognizes non-gender specific people; USA repeals Dont Ask, Dont Tell; Portugal, Iceland, Agentina, Mexico City, new Hampshire and DC pass same-sex marriage As shown, religious persecution dates all the way back to the very beginning of the millennium. This shows that religion is the longest-standing resistance to acceptance of all peoples. Christianity has been trying to outlaw and even execute homosexuals for hundreds of years. Bans on gay marriage, the criminalizing of sodomy or homosexuality, or any other anti-gay legislation is almost guaranteed to be religiously based. In conclusion, the gay rights movement is the longest rights struggle in history. It has not really had any specific leaders, but rather a mish-mash of like-minded people. This has lead to there being much progress, but in many ways there has been recession as well. In the late BC, homosexuality was very much a norm in extremely developed societies like the Greek or Roman Empires. With the rise of Christianity however, this norm became an abnormality, and religion very slowly took over and outlawed homosexuality, putting severe penalties on it, such as death. This continued all over the world for many centuries. Science, in its beginning, did not really make anything better, but instead provided another rational for homosexuality being bad by calling it a disorder.

Lord Of The Flies 11 :: essays research papers

Normally, when we think of worlds, the planet Earth comes to mind. What we don’t often remember is that the word world can mean more than the Earth. Webster’s New World Dictionary states that the true definition of the word world is, "some part of the earth, or an individual experience, outlook.." Keeping that definition in mind, it is true to say that the boys in Lord of the Flies were in their own world, so to speak. And it is also true that every world has its problems. A contemporary psychiatrist wrote , "The problems of the world - and they are chronicled daily in headlines of violence and despair - essentially are the problems of individuals. If individuals can change, the course of the world can change. This is a hope worth sustaining." This quote can apply both to the larger world of the Earth, and the smaller world of the island. On the island, the boys had problems from the beginning. Both Ralph and Jack wanted to be chief and when the rest of the biguns and littluns voted for Ralph, it caused friction between Jack and Ralph. Ralph tried to deal with this problem by appointing Jack the leader of the hunters and keepers of the fire. He had hoped this would repair any damage that had been done to their short friendship. Ralph was doing his duty as the chief and tried to deal with their individual problems. However, this solution ended up doing more harm than good. The friction between Ralph and Jack flourished throughout the book. Jack soon became obsessed with savagery and killing pigs. The only thing he cared about was meat. And Jack does kill a pig; however killing that pig sacrificed the fire and the boys missed a rescue opportunity because the fire went out. But Jack doesn’t seem to care. "Jack, his face smeared with clays, reached the top first and hailed Ralph excitedly, with lifted spear. ‘Look! We’ve killed a pig-we stole up on them-we got in a circle-’ They seemed to share one wide ecstatic grin. Jack had too many things to tell Ralph at once. Instead he danced a step or two, then remembered his dignity and stood still, grinning. Ralph spoke. ‘You let the fire go out.’ Jack checked, vaguely irritated by this irrelevance but too happy to let it worry him. ‘There was lashings of blood,’ said Jack, laughing and shuddering.

Should Recycling Be Required by Law?

PRO MANDATORY RECYCLING * â€Å"Recycling is so beneficial for our planet that it should definitely be required. In an ideal world, everyone would voluntarily recycle, but let's face it: That's never going to happen. It makes me so angry when I watch students in my school throw their plastic water bottles in the trash can when there is a recycling can right next to it! * â€Å"Nearly 70 million tons of material are kept away from landfills each year thanks to recycling, according to the National Recycling Coalition. â€Å"If we have just 30 percent of the population recycling, we'd reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as if we removed 25 million cars from the road! Imagine how many greenhouse gas emissions we could get rid of if everyone recycled. * â€Å"It's so easy to recycle, and if more people do it, then it becomes more cost-effective. Some people against mandatory recycling say that it's costly, but recycling is a less expensive process if more people are involved.In fa ct, two years after New York City decided that mandatory recycling was a drain on the city — costing $40 million — they discovered that a redesigned, more efficient recycling system could actually save the city $20 million! New York City has now signed a 20-year recycling contract. * â€Å"We need to get more cities and states on board with mandatory recycling. In addition to helping the environment, recycling programs help stimulate the economy by creating more jobs. The benefits of mandatory recycling far outweigh the drawbacks, and it's up to you, CosmoGIRL! eaders, to get your cities on board! Write to your local official and let her or him know how you feel about mandatory recycling. Your actions can make all the difference! † —Laura Carusco, 18, New York City, NY ANTI MANDATORY RECYCLING * â€Å"Mandatory recycling is one of the newest fads in the ‘go green' movement. But what you may not realize is that it's also one of the most costly and w asteful activities to infiltrate America. * â€Å"Contrary to what most people think, recycling does not save irreplaceable sources. Take a look at the current prices for everyday items, like paper.According to the concept of supply and demand, since the price is so cheap, there must be a large supply that backs it up. For example, a pack of notebook paper ranges from just 20 cents to 50 cents. If we were at risk of running out of trees, the price would be much higher. * â€Å"Also, by using less of one resource, we are inevitably using more of others. Daniel K. Benjamin, senior associate of the Property and Environment Research Center, stated in a report that â€Å"on average, curbside recycling is 35 to 55 percent more costly nationwide than conventional disposal. Benjamin goes on to say that in Seattle, where the council decided to make recycling mandatory, they are wasting resources by charging too much for trash pickup and not charging enough for recycling pickup. Also, thin k about all of the extra pollution caused by the recycling pickup trucks! It's like having a garbage truck come through twice a week instead of just once. * â€Å"It's also a misconception that we're running out of room in our landfills. There is enough room just in America to last us for years, and we can always add landfills.Another misconception is that our trash is harmful, but according to the Environmental Protection Agency, a cancer-related death due to modern landfills only occurs about once every 50 years. Cancer causes over half a million deaths a year in the United States alone, so one cancer-related death every 50 years doesn't even compare. * â€Å"Although voluntary recycling has its benefits, it is completely unnecessary and wasteful to make it mandatory. † —Aliza Sajjad, 18, Concord, CA

Midsummer Nights Dream Act5 Scene1

Midsummer Night’s Dream: To what extent does ACT5 Scene1 present a harmonious â€Å"New World†? Act 5 Scene 1 is considered to be a harmonious â€Å"New World†, not forgetting that we have just left the â€Å"Green world† with all the mischief and fairies all around. This would make us question is the green world really gone? And is the new world really all that â€Å"Harmonious†? Act 5 Scene1 is the resolution of the entire play. At the start of It is obvious that the harmonious â€Å"New world† is present, with all the arguments and lovers falling out with one another and falling in love with someone else, all that has been left behind.Usually, characters who return from the Green world back into the new world discover that all their problems have been resolved and any past mistakes they have made, they will learn from. Lysander and Hermia and Demetrius and Helena all marry, this would be interesting because in a â€Å"New World† mul tiple marriages suggest that there is social harmony. On the other hand none of these marriages are shown on stage in front of the audience and just reading the play we only hear about the marriage taking place and are taken straight to the celebrations of the evening.This would allow us to think that if all the marriages taking place are legitimate and doesn’t really portray a harmonious feel,its just leaves us confused on the reason â€Å"why†. All shown above supports Frays theory on the â€Å"New World†, but how true is this love between the Athenians in the â€Å"New World†? Demetrius is still under the Love Juices influence that was placed on his eyes during Act3 Scene1, and is under the impression that he is in love with Helena, so much so, that he has married her. Now we are left with the nagging thought of: if the â€Å"green world† i. the fairies didn’t interfere with Demetrius’ inner feelings and mind, would he still be â⠂¬Å"in love† with Hermia? And would Act5 Scene1 be really that â€Å"Harmonious† taking into consideration that it was the help of the â€Å"Green World† that allowed this â€Å"new world† to happen but its interference is still present. So how far has the problems from the â€Å"Green World† been resolved? Because surely if everything had been resolved Demetrius would’ve naturally fallen in love with her without the interference of Puck and Oberon.At the start of Act5 Scene1 Hippolyta notes to Theseus that the young Athenian lovers story is strange but Theseus seems to dismiss this idea with â€Å"More Strange Than True†. Theseus makes the connection between the wild imaginations of the lovers, lunatics and poets, all of which fit in nicely with the idea of fantasies. With the lunatics imagination in play turning heaven into hell, thinking they can see devils everywhere. Lovers’ being just as crazy seem to think that shaping He lena’s face in the â€Å"brow of Egypt† makes her beautiful. The poet on the other hand creates entire worlds from â€Å"airy nothing† of imagination.This could be considered god like, meaning we have no real control over what happens. The formality of Theseus’ words changes. From being a man with the voice of reason, logic and law throughout the play. He uses words/phrases such as â€Å"lunatic lovers and the poet† and â€Å"imagination† all this short phrases and words you’d expect to find in the â€Å"green world† which plays around with the idea of lunatic behaviour and a great deal of imagination. Along with the change of formality in the way he speaks, he also begins to talk about animals and how the human eye can be misleading, â€Å"how easy a bush supposed a bear†.Theses opinion of the lovers, makes us really think are things in the â€Å"new world† always as they seem? And is the love they feel for their dear ones really true or in fact just an illusion which has been made that â€Å"form things unknown†. Is this really how a â€Å"new world† is supposed to be? With the easy misleading of the human eye, which could taint the ideas of true love and marriage. The mechanics play brings dancing and festive behaviour towards the end of the scene; this would support the ideas of a â€Å"New world†. The mechanics produce a â€Å"play within a play† this would highlight the illusion and reality shown throughout out the play.The character Bottom who plays Pyramus talks in rhythm and rhyme. Between lines 260-275 in the play this flowing and overwhelming of the rhythm and rhyme, would be supported in act4 scene 1 where bottom refers to himself in large amounts as â€Å"me thinks† this would demonstrate repetition and rhyme and lack of organisation within the mechanicals play. This would contradict the ideas of the â€Å"New World†, as the â€Å"new w orld† is supposed to be considered where all things are to be organised and shouldn’t consist of repetition of things because those would’ve been left behind in the green world.Bottom playing Pyramus is a lover who kills himself at the end of the play, this play is performed in the â€Å"new world†. Now we know that the play ends with the lovers getting married, but in this celebration death is being presented alongside it with the mechanics play. Would this play fit into the â€Å"new world† idea? Or could it be considered a sort of sign or representation that the new world isn’t always going to be filled with harmonious happiness and in fact that there will always be a harsh reality out there? Act5 Scene1 begins with the high social class of the Athenians and then it ends with the Fairies: Puck, Oberon and Titania.It is evident that the â€Å"New world† is in place because the problems that were once occurring between Titania and Obe ron have now been resolved and they have now learnt from their mistakes. At the end of this act Oberon blesses the Athenians and his blessing suggests that new ideas and solutions are going to take place. The importance of children is also important because it signifies a â€Å"new world†. However there is a darker side to Oberon’s blessings. In a part of Oberon’s blessing it says â€Å"Never mole, hare-lip, nor mark prodigious, such as are, despised in nativity†.The fact that this play is supposed to end with a â€Å"happy† and â€Å"harmonious† marriage is contradicted by the short sentence in Oberon’s blessing. It shows that there is that darker side of marriage which involves children and how they should be perfect and that they should be cast aside if they have any de-formation. It could possibly be Shake spears way of telling the audience that there is no such thing as a harmonious new world and that there will always be that da rk side that cannot be controlled. Marriage is supposed to be a binding before god, would the gods approve of this blessing?

Applied Electricity Lecture Notes

Module 4 Single-phase AC Circuits Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur Lesson 13 Representation of Sinusoidal Signal by a Phasor and Solution of Current in R-L-C Series Circuits Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur In the last lesson, two points were described: 1. How a sinusoidal voltage waveform (ac) is generated? 2. How the average and rms values of the periodic voltage or current waveforms, are computed? Some examples are also described there. In this lesson, the representation of sinusoidal (ac) voltage/current signals by a phasor is first explained. The polar/Cartesian (rectangular) form of phasor, as complex quantity, is described.Lastly, the algebra, involving the phasors (voltage/current), is presented. Different mathematical operations – addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, on two or more phasors, are discussed. Keywords: Phasor, Sinusoidal signals, phasor algebra After going through this lesson, the students will be able to answer the following questions; 1. What is mean t by the term, ‘phasor’ in respect of a sinusoidal signal? 2. How to represent the sinusoidal voltage or current waveform by phasor? 3. How to write a phasor quantity (complex) in polar/Cartesian (rectangular) form? 4.How to perform the operations, like addition/subtraction and multiplication/division on two or more phasors, to obtain a phasor? This lesson forms the background of the following lessons in the complete module of single ac circuits, starting with the next lesson on the solution of the current in the steady state, in R-L-C series circuits. Symbols i or i(t) Instantaneous value of the current (sinusoidal form) I Im ? Current (rms value) Maximum value of the current Phasor representation of the current Phase angle, say of the current phasor, with respect to the reference phasor I Same symbols are used for voltage or any other phasor. Representation of Sinusoidal Signal by a Phasor A sinusoidal quantity, i. e. current, i (t ) = I m sin ? t , is taken up as an example. In Fig. 13. 1a, the length, OP, along the x-axis, represents the maximum value of the current I m , on a certain scale. It is being rotated in the anti-clockwise direction at an angular speed, ? , and takes up a position, OA after a time t (or angle, ? = ? t , with the x-axis). The vertical projection of OA is plotted in the right hand side of the above figure with respect to the angle ? It will generate a sine wave (Fig. 13. 1b), as OA is at an angle, ? with the x-axis, as stated earlier. The vertical projection of OA along y-axis is OC = AB = Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur i (? ) = I m sin ? , which is the instantaneous value of the current at any time t or angle ? . The angle ? is in rad. , i. e. ? = ? t . The angular speed, ? is in rad/s, i. e. ? = 2 ? f , where f is the frequency in Hz or cycles/sec. Thus, i = I m sin ? = I m sin ? t = I m sin 2? ft So, OP represents the phasor with respect to the above current, i.The line, OP can be taken as the rms value, I = I m / 2 , instead of maximum value, Im . Then the vertical projection of OA, in magnitude equal to OP, does not represent exactly the instantaneous value of I, but represents it with the scale factor of 1 / 2 = 0. 707 . The reason for this choice of phasor as given above, will be given in another lesson later in this module. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur Generalized case The current can be of the form, i (t ) = I m sin (? t ? ? ) as shown in Fig. 13. 1d. The phasor representation of this current is the line, OQ, at an angle, ? may be taken as negative), with the line, OP along x-axis (Fig. 13. 1c). One has to move in clockwise direction to go to OQ from OP (reference line), though the phasor, OQ is assumed to move in anti-clockwise direction as given earlier. After a time t, OD will be at an angle ? with OQ, which is at an angle ( ? ? ? = ? t ? ? ), with the line, OP along x-axis. The vertical projection of OD along y-axis gives the instantaneous value of the current, i = 2 I sin (? t ? ? ) = I m sin (? t ? ? ) . Phasor representation of Voltage and Current The voltage and current waveforms are given as, v = 2 V sin ? and i = 2 I sin (? + ? ) It can be seen from the waveforms (Fig. 13. 2b) of the two sinusoidal quantities – voltage and current, that the voltage, V lags the current I, which means that the positive maximum value of the voltage is reached earlier by an angle, ? , as compared to the positive maximum value of the current. In phasor notation as described earlier, the voltage and current are represented by OP and OQ (Fig. 13. 2a) respectively, the length of which are proportional to voltage, V and current, I in different scales as applicable to each one.The voltage phasor, OP (V) lags the current phasor, OQ (I) by the angle ? , as two phasors rotate in the anticlockwise direction as stated earlier, whereas the angle ? is also measured in the anticlockwise direction. In other words, the current phasor (I) leads the voltage phasor (V). Version 2 EE IIT, Kha ragpur Mathematically, the two phasors can be represented in polar form, with the voltage phasor ( V ) taken as reference, such as V = V ? 0 0 , and I = I . In Cartesian or rectangular form, these are, V = V ? 0 0 = V + j 0 , and I = I = I cos ? + j I sin ? , where, the symbol, j is given by j = ? . Of the two terms in each phasor, the first one is termed as real or its component in x-axis, while the second one is imaginary or its component in y-axis, as shown in Fig. 13. 3a. The angle, ? is in degree or rad. ? ? ? ? ? Phasor Algebra Before discussing the mathematical operations, like addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, involving phasors and also complex quantities, let us take a look at the two forms – polar and rectangular, by which a phasor or complex quantity is represented. It may be observed here that phasors are also taken as complex, as given above.Representation of a phasor and Transformation A phasor or a complex quantity in rectangular form (Fig. 13 . 3) is, A = ax + j a y Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur ? where a x and a y are real and imaginary parts, of the phasor respectively. In polar form, it is expressed as A = A a = A cos ? a + j A sin ? a ? where A and ? a are magnitude and phase angle of the phasor. From the two equations or expressions, the procedure or rule of transformation from polar to rectangular form is a x = A cos ? a and a y = A sin ? a From the above, the rule for transformation from rectangular to polar form is 2 2 A = a x + a y and ? = tan ? 1 (a y / a x ) The examples using numerical values are given at the end of this lesson. Addition/Subtraction of Phasors Before describing the rules of addition/subtraction of phasors or complex quantities, everyone should recall the rule of addition/subtraction of scalar quantities, which may be positive or signed (decimal/fraction or fraction with integer). It may be stated that, for the two operations, the quantities must be either phasors, or complex. The example of ph asor is voltage/current, and that of complex quantity is impedance/admittance, which will be explained in the next lesson.But one phasor and another complex quantity should not be used for addition/subtraction operation. For the operations, the two phasors or complex quantities must be expressed in rectangular form as A = a x + j a y ; B = bx + j b y If they are in polar form as A = A a ; B = B b In this case, two phasors are to be transformed to rectangular form by the procedure or rule given earlier. The rule of addition/subtraction operation is that both the real and imaginary parts have to be separately treated as ? ? ? ? where c x = (a x  ± b x ) ; c y = (a y  ± b y ) Say, for addition, real parts must be added, so also for imaginary parts.Same rule follows for subtraction. After the result is obtained in rectangular form, it can be transformed to polar one. It may be observed that the six values of a' s , b' s and c' s – parts of the two phasors and the resultant one, are all signed scalar quantities, though in the example, a' s and b' s are taken as positive, resulting in positive values of c' s . Also the phase angle ? ‘ s may lie in any of the four quadrants, though here the angles are in the first quadrant only. This rule for addition can be extended to three or more quantities, as will be illustrated through example, which is given at the end of this lesson.C = A  ± B = (a x  ± bx ) + j (a y  ± b y ) = c x + j c y ? ? ? Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur The addition/subtraction operations can also be performed using the quantities as ? ? ? phasors in polar form (Fig. 13. 4). The two phasors are A (OA) and B (OB) . The find the sum C (OC ) , a line AC is drawn equal and parallel to OB. The line BC is equal and parallel to OA. Thus, C = OC = OA + AC = OA + OB = A + B . Also, OC = OB + BC = OB + OA ? ? ? ? To obtain the difference D (OD) , a line AD is drawn equal and parallel to OB, but in opposite direction to AC or OB.A line OE is also drawn equal to OB, but in opposite direction to OB. Both AD and OE represent the phasor ( ? B ). The line, ED is equal to OA. Thus, D = OD = OA + AD = OA ? OB = A ? B . Also OD = OE + ED = ? OB + OA . The examples using numerical values are given at the end of this lesson. ? ? ? ? Multiplication/Division of Phasors Firstly, the procedure for multiplication is taken up. In this case no reference is being made to the rule involving scalar quantities, as everyone is familiar with them. Assuming that the two phasors are available in polar from as A = A a and B = B b .Otherwise, they are to be transformed from rectangular to polar form. This is also valid for the procedure of division. Please note that a phasor is to be multiplied by a complex quantity only, to obtain the resultant phasor. A phasor is not normally multiplied by another phasor, except in special case. Same is for division. A phasor is to be divided by a complex quantity only, to obtain the resultant phasor. A phas or is not normally divided by another phasor. ? ? ? To find the magnitude of the product C , the two magnitudes of the phasors are to be multiplied, whereas for phase angle, the phase angles are to added.Thus, Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur C = C c = A? B = A A ? B B = ( A ? B ) ? (? a + ? b ) ? ? ? where C = A ? B and ? c = ? a + ? b ? Please note that the same symbol, C is used for the product in this case. ? ? ? To divide A . by B to obtain the result D . , the magnitude is obtained by division of the magnitudes, and the phase is difference of the two phase angles. Thus, D = D d = ? ? A ? = B where D = A / B and ? d = ? a ? ? b ? ? A a ? A ? = ? ? ? (? a ? ? b ) B b ? B ? If the phasors are expressed in rectangular form as A = a x + j a y and B = bx + j by here A = (a 2 x ? 2 + a y ; ? a = tan ? 1 (a y / a x ) ) The values of B are not given as they can be obtained by substituting b' s for a' s . To find the product, C = C c = A ? B = (a x + j a y ) ? (bx + j b y ) = (a x bx ? a y b y ) + j (a x b y + a y bx ) ? ? ? Please note that j 2 = ? 1 . The magnitude and phase angle of the result (phasor) are, C = (a x bx ? a y b y ) + (a x b y + a y bx ) 2 [ 1 2 2 ] = (a 2 x 2 + ay ? ) (b 2 x 2 + b y = A ? B , and ) ? c = tan ? 1 ? ? ? a x b y + a y bx ? ? a x bx ? a y b y ? ? ? The phase angle, ? c = ? a + ? b = tan ? 1 ? ? a x b y + a y bx = tan ? 1 ? ?a b ? a b y y ? x x ? ? ? ? ay ? ax ? ? ? ? ? ? b ? + tan ? 1 ? y ? ?b ? ? x ? (a / a ) + (b y / bx ) ? ? ? = tan ? 1 ? y x ? ? ? 1 ? (a y / a x ) ? (b y / bx )? ? ? ? The above results are obtained by simplification. ? To divide A by B to obtain D as D = dx + j dy = ? ? A ? = ax + j a y bx + j by ? B To simplify D , i. e. to obtain real and imaginary parts, both numerator and denominator, are to be multiplied by the complex conjugate of B , so as to convert the ? denominator into real value only. The complex conjugate of B is Version 2 EE IIT, KharagpurB * = bx + j b y = B ? ? ? b In the complex conjugate, the sign of the imaginary part is negative, and also the phase angle is negative. ? (a x + j a y )? (bx ? j by ) = ? a x bx + a y by ? + j ? a y bx ? a x by ? ? ? ? ? D = dx + j dy = (bx + j by )? (bx ? j by ) ? bx2 + by2 ? ? bx2 + by2 ? ? ? ? ? The magnitude and phase angle of the result (phasor) are, [(a b D= x x + a y b y ) + (a y bx ? a x b y ) 2 1 2 2 (b 2 x +b 2 y ) ] = (a (b 2 x 2 x 2 + ay 2 + by ) A = , and ) B ? a y bx ? a x b y ? ? ? d = tan ? 1 ? ?a b +a b ? y y ? ? x x The phase angle, ? ay ? ax ? ? ? ? tan ? 1 ? y ? b ? ? x ? ? a b ? a xby ? ? = tan ? 1 ? y x ? ?a b +a b y y ? ? x x ? ? ? ? ? d = ? a ? ? b = tan ? 1 ? ? The steps are shown here in brief, as detailed steps have been given earlier. Example ? The phasor, A in the rectangular form (Fig. 13. 5) is, A = A a = A cos ? a + j A sin ? a = a x + j a y = ? 2 + j 4 where the real and imaginary parts are a x = ? 2 ; ? ? ay = 4 To transform the phasor, A into the polar form, the magnitude and phase angle are Version 2 E E IIT, Kharagpur 2 2 A = a x + a y = (? 2) 2 + 4 2 = 4. 472 ? 4 ? ? = tan ? 1 ? ? ? 116. 565 ° = 2. 034 rad ? ? ? 2? ? Please note that ? a is in the second quadrant, as real part is negative and imaginary part is positive. ? a = tan ? 1 ? ? ? ay ? ax ? Transforming the phasor, A into rectangular form, the real and imaginary parts are a x = A cos? a = 4. 472 ? cos116. 565 ° = ? 2. 0 a y = A sin ? a = 4. 472 ? sin 116. 565 ° = 4. 0 Phasor Algebra ? ? ? Another phasor, B in rectangular form is introduced in addition to the earlier one, A B = 6 + j 6 = 8. 485 ? 45 ° Firstly, let us take the addition and subtraction of the above two phasors. The sum and ? difference are given by the phasors, C and D respectively (Fig. 13. 6). C = A+ B = (? 2 + j 4) +(6 + j 6) = (? 2 + 6) + j (4 + 6) = 4 + j 10 = 10. 77 ? 68. 2 ° D = A? B = (? 2 + j 4) ? (6 + j 6) = (? 2 ? 6) + j (4 ? 6) = ? 8 ? j 2 = 8. 246 ? ? 166. 0 ° It may be noted that for the addition and subtraction operations involvi ng phasors, they should be represented in rectangular form as given above. If any one of the phasors Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur ? ? ? ? ? ? is in polar form, it should be transformed into rectangular form, for calculating the results as shown.If the two phasors are both in polar form, the phasor diagram (the diagram must be drawn to scale), or the geometrical method can be used as shown in Fig 13. 6. The result obtained using the diagram, as shown are the same as obtained earlier. [ C (OC) = 10. 77, ? COX = 68. 2 ° ; and D ( OD) = 8. 246, ? DOX = 166. 0 ° ] Now, the multiplication and division operations are performed, using the above two phasors represented in polar form. If any one of the phasors is in rectangular form, it may be transformed into polar form. Also note that the same symbols for the phasors are used here, as was used earlier.Later, the method of both multiplication and division using rectangular form of the phasor representation will be explained. ? ? ? The res ultant phasor C , i. e. the product of the two phasors is C = A? B = 4. 472 ? 116. 565 ° ? 8. 485 ? 45 ° = (4. 472 ? 8. 485) ? (116. 565 ° + 45 °) = 37. 945 ? 161. 565 ° = ? 36 + j 12 The product of the two phasors in rectangular form can be found as C = (? 2 + j 4) ? (6 + j 6) = (? 12 ? 24) + j (24 ? 12) = ? 36 + j 12 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The result ( D ) obtained by the division of A by B is D= ? ? A ? = B = 0. 167 + j 0. The above result can be calculated by the procedure described earlier, using the rectangular form of the two phasors as D= ? ? 4. 472 ? 116. 565 ° ? 4. 472 ? =? ? ? (116. 565 ° ? 45 °) = 0. 527 ? 71. 565 ° 8. 485 ? 45 ° ? 8. 485 ? A ? = B 12 + j 36 = = 0. 167 + j 0. 5 72 ? 2 + j 4 ( ? 2 + j 4) ? (6 ? j 6) (? 12 + 24) + j (24 + 12) = = 6+ j6 ( 6 + j 6) ? ( 6 ? j 6) 62 + 62 The procedure for the elementary operations using two phasors only, in both forms of representation is shown. It can be easily extended, for say, addition/multiplication, using thre e or more phasors.The simplification procedure with the scalar quantities, using the different elementary operations, which is well known, can be extended to the phasor quantities. This will be used in the study of ac circuits to be discussed in the following lessons. The background required, i. e. phasor representation of sinusoidal quantities (voltage/current), and algebra – mathematical operations, such as addition/subtraction and multiplication/division of phasors or complex quantities, including transformation of phasor from rectangular to polar form, and vice versa, has been discussed here.The study of ac circuits, starting from series ones, will be described in the next few lessons. Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur Problems 13. 1 Use plasor technique to evaluate the expression and then find the numerical value at t = 10 ms. i ( t ) = 150 cos (100t – 450 ) + 500 sin (100t ) + d ? cos 100t – 30 0 ) ? ? dt ? ( 13. 2 Find the result in both rectangular and polar f orms, for the following, using complex quantities: 5 – j12 15 ? 53. 1 ° b) ( 5 – j12 ) +15 ? – 53. 1 ° a) 2 ? 30 ° – 4 ? 210 ° 5 ? 450 ° 1 ? ? d) ? 5 ? 0 ° + ? . 2 ? 210 ° 3 2 ? – 45 ° ? ? c)Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur List of Figures Fig. 13. 1 (a) Phasor representation of a sinusoidal voltage, and (b) Waveform Fig. 13. 2 (a) Phasor representation of voltage and current, and (b) Waveforms Fig. 13. 3 Representation of a phasor, both in rectangular and polar forms Fig. 13. 4 Addition and subtraction of two phasors, both represented in polar form Fig. 13. 5 Representation of phasor as an example, both in rectangular and polar forms Fig. 13. 6 Addition and subtraction of two phasors represented in polar form, as an example Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur